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Penal harm, an intentionally harsher form of the "deprivation of liberty", is the belief that during custodial sentences (mainly in prison or reformatory), inmates should endure additional pain and suffering, not ''just'' having their basic rights taken away, to make the punishment deliberately harder. While this improves the desirable deterrent effect of detention, and fits the idea of retribution, its perception as cruelty rather than justice may endanger both internal security and prospects for rehabilitation and goes against the humane ideal of most human rights advocates, possibly qualifying legally as inhumane punishment, an infringement on human rights under the UN rules. Although ''internal punishments'', imposed by prison authorities, are not strictly penal harm as such, since they are not independent from the convict's behavior, arbitrary application and choice of cruel modes, including corporal punishment (in South East Asian countries this can include the dreaded Rattan caning), perfectly fit the rationale. Traditional forms include * hard labor * rationed, unappetizing or even unhealthy food * various discomforts such as poor hygiene, small and overcrowded cells, hard bunks, insufficient protection against cold * long isolation, even in a dark 'hole' * sleep deprivation * humiliating procedures such as strip searches * prison rape * denial of visits, correspondence and recreation. In the 1990s and 2000s, penal harm has taken (among other things) the form of poor health care for inmates;〔Maeve, Katherine M., and Michael S. Vaughn. "Nursing with prisoners: The practice of caring, forensic nursing or penal harm nursing?." Advances in Nursing Science 24.2 (2001): 47-64.〕〔Vaughn, Michael S., and Linda G. Smith. "Practicing penal harm medicine in the United States: Prisoners' voices from jail." Justice Quarterly 16.1 (1999): 175-231.〕 this includes the denial of medicine for patients diagnosed with HIV/AIDS.〔 It must be pointed out that many of the physical forms can also arise accidentally, as a result of understaffing, insufficient budget, or even legal considerations (such as delays deemed necessary for appeal procedures). ==See also== *Prisoner abuse *Law and order (politics) *Torture in the United States#Prisoner abuse *Infectious diseases within American prisons 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「penal harm」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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